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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Systemic disease</span></span>

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<p>A <b>systemic disease</b> is one that affects a number of <a href="Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and <a href="Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, or affects the <a href="Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differs from a <a href="Localized_disease" title="Localized disease">localized disease</a>, which is a disease affecting only part of the body (e.g., a <a href="Mouth_ulcer" title="Mouth ulcer">mouth ulcer</a>).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Mastocytosis" title="Mastocytosis">Mastocytosis</a>, including <a href="Mast_cell_activation_syndrome" title="Mast cell activation syndrome">mast cell activation syndrome</a> and <a href="Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">Chronic fatigue syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Systemic vasculitis</a> e.g. <a href="Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">SLE</a>, <a href="Polyarteritis_nodosa" title="Polyarteritis nodosa">PAN</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a> – a disease that mainly affects the lungs, brain, joints and eyes, found most often in young African-American women.</li>

<li><a href="Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</a> – where the thyroid gland produces too little thyroid hormones.</li>

<li><a href="Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> – an imbalance in blood glucose (sugar) levels.</li>

<li><a href="Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehlers-Danlos_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehlers-Danlos syndromes">Ehlers-Danlos syndromes</a> - an inherited connective tissue disorder with multiple subcategories</li>

<li><a href="Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Adrenal insufficiency</a> – where the adrenal glands don't produce enough steroid hormones</li>

<li><a href="Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a> – an autoimmune disease triggered by <a href="Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a> consumption, which may involve several organs and cause a variety of symptoms, or be completely asymptomatic.<sup id="cite_ref-LebwoholLudvigsson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LebwoholLudvigsson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a> – an inflammatory bowel disease</li>

<li><a href="Crohn's_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> – an inflammatory bowel disease</li>

<li><a href="Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a> (high blood pressure)</li>

<li><a href="Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">Metabolic syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Acquired_immunodeficiency_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome">AIDS</a> – a disease caused by a virus that cripples the body's immune defenses.</li>

<li><a href="Graves'_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a> – a thyroid disorder, most often in women, which can cause a goiter (swelling in the front part of the neck) and protruding eyes.</li>

<li><a href="Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a> – a connective tissue disorder involving mainly the skin, joints and kidneys.</li>

<li><a href="Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a> – an inflammatory disease which mainly attacks the joints. But can also affect a person's skin, eyes, lungs and mouth.</li>

<li><a href="Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> – a hardening of the arteries</li>

<li><a href="Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">Sickle cell disease</a> – an inherited blood disorder that can block circulation throughout the body, primarily affecting people of <a href="Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan</a> origin.</li>

<li><a href="Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic sclerosis">Systemic sclerosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjogren's Syndrome</a> - an autoimmune disease that primarily attacks the lacrimal and salivary glands, but also impacts other organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, and nervous system.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2></div>

<p>Getting a regular <a href="Eye_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye exam">eye exam</a> may play a role in identifying the signs of some systemic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The eye is composed of many different types of tissue. This unique feature makes the eye susceptible to a wide variety of diseases as well as provides insights into many body systems. Almost any part of the eye can give important clues to the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Signs of a systemic disease may be evident on the outer surface of the eye (eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea), middle of the eye and at the back of the eye (retina)."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Since <a href="500_B.C." class="mw-redirect" title="500 B.C.">500 B.C.</a>, some researchers have believed that the physical condition of the <a href="Fingernail" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingernail">fingernails</a> and <a href="Toenail" class="mw-redirect" title="Toenail">toenails</a> can indicate various systemic diseases. Careful examination of the fingernails and toenails may provide clues to underlying systemic diseases , since some diseases have been found to cause disruptions in the nail growth process. The <a href="Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nail plate</a> is the hard <a href="Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> cover of the nail. The nail plate is generated by the <a href="Nail_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail matrix">nail matrix</a> located just under the cuticle. As the nail grows, the area closest to becoming exposed to the outside world (distal) produces the deeper layers of the nail plate, while the part of the nail matrix deeper inside the finger (proximal) makes the superficial layers. Any disruption in this growth process can lead to an alteration in the shape and texture.

</p><p>For example, pitting looks like depressions in the hard part of the nail. Pitting is to be associated with <a href="Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">psoriasis</a>, affecting 10% - 50% of patients with that disorder. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitting also may be caused by a variety of systemic diseases, including <a href="Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">reactive arthritis</a> and other <a href="Connective_tissue_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue disorders">connective tissue disorders</a>, <a href="Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>, <a href="Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">pemphigus</a>, <a href="Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">alopecia areata</a>, and <a href="Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">incontinentia pigmenti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because pitting is caused by defective layering of the superficial nail plate by the proximal nail matrix, any localized dermatitis (e.g., <a href="Atopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atopic">atopic dermatitis</a> or chemical <a href="Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>) that disrupts orderly growth in that area also can cause pitting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Disseminated_disease" title="Disseminated disease">Disseminated disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Siguier" title="Fred Siguier">Fred Siguier</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_systemic_diseases_with_ocular_manifestations" title="List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations">List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations</a></li>

<li><a href="Localized_disease" title="Localized disease">Localized disease</a></li>

<li><a href="Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic autoimmune diseases">Systemic autoimmune diseases</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemic_inflammation" title="Systemic inflammation">Systemic inflammation</a></li>

<li><a href="Oral_manifestations_of_systemic_disease" title="Oral manifestations of systemic disease">Oral manifestations of systemic disease</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary,28th edition (Harcourt Brace & Company). Page 489,1653</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLebwohlLudvigssonGreen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson JF, Green PH (Oct 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596973">"Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity"</a>. <i>BMJ</i> (Review). <b>351</b>: 4347. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.h4347">10.1136/bmj.h4347</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596973">4596973</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438584">26438584</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/diagnosing-systemic-diseases-eye-exams">"Your Eyes Could Be the Windows to Your Health"</a>. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 3 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/com/eye/LearningAboutVision/EyeFacts/SystemicDisease.shtml">The Eye in Systemic Disease</a>" (University of Illinois at Chicago: 2008), Accessed 20 August 2009.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayeaux EJ Jr. Nail disorders. Prim Care 2000;27: 333-51.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel CR 3d, Sams WM Jr, Scher RK. Nails in systemic disease. Dermatol Clin 1985;3:465-83.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eds. ROBERT S. FAWCETT, M.D., M.S., SEAN LINFORD, M.D., and DANIEL L. STULBERG, M.D., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040315/1417.html">Nail Abnormalities: Clues to Systemic Disease</a></i> (American Family Physician, March 15, 2004), Accessed 20 August 2009.</span>

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